Los efectos de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en la distribución de la renta y el papel de las políticas públicas

Olga Cantó Sánchez

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Publicado: dic 30, 2021
Resumen

La llegada de la pandemia de la COVID-19 tuvo un impacto económico sin precedentes en la mayor parte de las economías desarrolladas del planeta. En España, el Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) se redujo más de un 17 % en un trimestre y muchos hogares sufrieron pérdidas de ingresos. El objetivo de este trabajo es medir la dimensión y distribución de esas pérdidas evaluando los cambios en la desigualdad y la pobreza y valorando la capacidad de las políticas públicas para mantener la cohesión social. Los resultados apuntan a que el aumento de la desigualdad ha sido menor que el de la tasa de riesgo de pobreza, que creció más en hogares jóvenes con un solo perceptor de ingresos.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Palabras clave:
desigualdad, pobreza, COVID-19, protección social
Citas

Adams-Prassl, A., Boneva, T., Golin, M. & Rauh, C. (2020). Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from real time surveys. Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104245.

Almeida, V., Barrios, S., Christl, M., De Poli, S., Tumino, A. & van der Wielen, W. (2020). Households' income and the cushioning effect of fiscal policy measures during the Great Lockdown. JRC, Working Papers on Taxation & Structural Reforms No. 2020-06.

Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J. & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. NBER, Working Paper No. 26947.

Angelopoulos, K., Lazarakis, S., Mancy, R. & Schroeder, M. (2021). Briefing Note: Medium-run wealth inequality following COVID-19. University of Glasgow and Lancaster University.

Aspachs, O., Durante, R., Graziano, A., Mestres, J., Montalvo, J. G. & Reynal-Querol, M. (2020). Real-Time Inequality and the Welfare State in Motion: Evidence from COVID-19 in Spain. Barcelona School of Economics, Working Paper No. 1202.

Aspachs, O., Durante, R., Graziano, A., Mestres, J., Reynal-Querol, M. & Montalvo, J. G. (2021). Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency. PLoS ONE, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249121

Atkinson, A. B. (2015). Inequality: What can be done? Harvard University Press.

Ayala, L. & Cantó, O. (2018). The Driving Forces of Rising Inequality in Spain: Is There More to it than a Profound Worsening of Low-income Households´ Living Standards? In B. Nolan (ed.), Inequality and Inclusive Growth in Rich Countries: Shared Challenges and Contrasting Fortunes (pp. 250-295). Oxford University Press, Chapter 10.

Banco Mundial. (2020). Informe anual 2020. Apoyo a los países en una época sin precedentes.

Beirne, K., Doorley, K., Regan, M., Roantree, B. & Tuda, D. (2020). The potential costs and distributional effect of COVID-19 related unemployment in Ireland. Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Budget Perspectives No. 2021/1.

Belot, M., Choi, S., Tripodi, E., van den Broek-Altenburg, E., Jamison, J. C. & Papageorge, N. W. (2020). Unequal consequences of Covid 19 across age and income: representative evidence from six countries. Covid Economics, Vetted and Real-Time Papers, from Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 38, 196-217.

Ben Yahmed, S., Cappellari, L., Checchi, D., Corak, M., Jenkins, S., Neidhöfer, G., Tertilt, M. & Tommasi, M. (2020). COVID-19 and Inequality. ZEW, policy brief NO. 20-05.

Bick, A., Blandin, A. & Mertens, K. (2020). Work from home after the COVID-19 Outbreak. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Working Paper No. 2017.

Brewer, M. & Gardiner, L. (2020). The initial impact of COVID-19 and policy responses on household incomes. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(Issue Suplement_1), S187-S199.

Brewer, M. & Tasseva, I. (2020). Did the UK Policy Response to Covid-19 Protect Household Incomes? EUROMOD, Working Paper Series EM12/20.

Brodeur, A., Clark, A. E., Flèche, S. & Powdthavee, N. (2021). COVID-19, Lockdowns and Well-Being: Evidence from Google Trends. Journal of Public Economics, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104346

Bruckmeier, K., Peichl, A., Popp, M., Wiemers, J. & Wollmershauser, T. (2020). Distributional Effects of Macroeconomic Shocks in Real-Time: A Novel Method Applied to the Covid-19 Crisis in Germany. CESifo, Working Papers No. 8748.

Brussevich, M., Dabla-Norris, E. & Khalid, S. (2020). Who will Bear the Brunt of Lockdown Policies? Evidence from Tele-Workability Measures Across Countries. International Monetary Fund (IMF), Working Paper No. 20/88.

Cantó, O., Figari, F., Fiorio, C. V., Kuypers, S., Marchal, S., Romaguera-de-la-Cruz, M., Tasseva, I. V. & Verbist, G. (2021). Welfare Resilience at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Selection of European Countries: Impact on Public Finance and Household Incomes. Review of Income and Wealth. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/roiw.12530

Cáritas. (2020). La crisis de la COVID-19: el primer impacto en las familias acompañadas por Cáritas. Observatorio de la Realidad Social, 1.

Clark, A. E., D’Ambrosio, C. & Lepinteur, A. (2020). The Fall in Income Inequality during COVID-19 in Five European Countries. ECINEQ, Working Paper Series No. 565.

Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y. & Weber, M. (2020). Labor markets during the COVID-19 crisis: A preliminary view. NBER, Working Paper No. 27017.

Fana, M., Tolan, S., Torrejón, S., Urzi Brancati, M. C. & Fernández Macías, E. (2020). The COVID confinement measures and EU labour markets. European Comission, JRC Technical Reports.

Farré, L., Fawaz, Y., González, L. & Graves, J. (2020). How the COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Gender Inequality in Paid and Unpaid Work in Spain. IZA DP, No. 13434.

Figari, F. & Fiorio, C. V. (2020). Welfare resilience in the immediate aftermath of the Covid-19 outbreak in Italy. Covid Economics, Vetted and Real-Time Papers, from Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 8, 92-119.

Figari, F., Fiorio, C., Gandullia, L. & Montorsi, C. (2020). La resilienza del sistema italiano di protezione sociale all’inizio della crisi COVID-19: evidenze territoriali. Politica Economica, 36(1), 3-33.

FMI, Fondo Monetario Internacional. (2020). Perspectivas de la economía mundial: un largo y difícil camino cuesta arriba. Washington, DC, octubre.

Fundación FOESSA, Fomento de Estudios Sociales y de Sociología Aplicada. (2021). Análisis y Perspectivas. Sociedad expulsada y derecho a ingresos. Fundación FOESSA. https://www.caritas.es/main-files/uploads/2021/10/analisis-y-persectivas-2021.pdf

Furceri, D., Loungani, P., Ostry, J. D. & Pizzuto, P. (2020). Will Covid-19 affect inequality? Evidence from past pandemics. Covid Economics, Vetted and Real-Time Papers, from Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 12, 138-157.

Guven, C., Sotirakopoulos, P. & Ulker, A. (2020). Short-term Labour Market Effects of COVID-19 and the Associated National Lockdown in Australia: Evidence from Longitudinal Labour Force Survey. Global Labor Organization (GLO), Discussion Paper No. 635.

INE, Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2021). Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida 2020. Nota de prensa de 15 julio de 2021.

Konle-Seild, R. (2020). Short-time Work in Europe: Rescue in the Current COVID-19 Crisis? Institute for Employment Research, IAB-Forschungsbericht.

Layard, R., Clark, A., De Neve, J. E., Krekel, C., Fancourt, D., Hey, N. & O’Donnell, G. (2020). When to release the lockdown: A wellbeing framework for analysing costs and benefits. Centre for Economic Performance, Occasional Paper No. 49.

Li, J., Vidyattama, Y., Anh La, H., Miranti, R. & Sologon, D. M. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 and Policy Responses on Australian Income Distribution and Poverty. Ideas RePEc, Working Paper No. 2009.04037.

Marchal, S., Vanderkelen, J., Cantillon, B., Decancq, K., Decoster, A., Kuypers, S., Marx, I., Spinnewijn, J., Van Lancker, W., Van Meensel, L. & Verbist, G. (2021). The Distributional Impact of the COVID-19 Shock on Household Incomes in Belgium. COVIVAT, Working Paper No. 2.

Martínez-Bravo, M. & Sanz, C. (2021). Inequality and psychological well-being in times of Covid-19: Evidence from Spain. CEMFI.

Menta, G. (2021). Poverty in the COVID-19 Era: Real Time Data Analysis on Five European Countries. ECINEQ, Working Paper Series No. 568.

Myro, R. (2017). Crecimiento económico y cambio estructural. In J. L. García Delgado & R. Myro (eds.), Lecciones de economía española (pp. 43-74). Thomson Reuters.

Navas, M. & Villazán, N. (2021). EUROMOD Country Report, Spain 2017-2020. Version I3.0.

OCDE, Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. (2008). Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/growing-unequal_9789264044197-en#page4

OCDE, Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. (2011). Divided We Stand. Why Inequality Keeps Rising. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/the-causes-of-growing-inequalities-in-oecd-countries_9789264119536-en#page1

OCDE, Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. (2015). In It Together. Why Less Inequality Benefits All. https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2015-In-It-Together-Chapter1-Overview-Inequality.pdf

OCDE, Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. (2020a). Evaluating the initial impact of COVID-19 containment measures on economic activity.

OCDE, Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. (2020b). Supporting people and companies to deal with the COVID-19 virus: options for an immediate employment and social-policy response.

O'Donoghue, C., Sologon, D. M., Kyzyma, I. & Mchale, J. (2020). Modelling the Distributional Impact of the COVID?19 Crisis. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 321-336.

OIT, Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (2020). COVID-19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses. ILO, Monitor 1st Edition, March.

Palomino, J. C., Rodríguez, J. G. & Sebastián, R. (2020). Wage inequality and poverty effects of lockdown and social distancing in Europe. INET, Oxford Working Paper No. 2020-13.

Sáez, E. & Zucman, G. (2020). Keeping business alive: the government will pay. Social Europe. 18 March. www.socialeurope.eu

Stantcheva, S. (2021). Inequalities in Times of a Pandemic. Economic Policy. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/stantcheva/files/stantcheva_covid19_policy.pdf

Sutherland, H. & Figari, F. (2013). EUROMOD: The European Union tax-benefit microsimulation model. International Journal of Microsimulation, 6(1), 4-26. https://doi.org/10.34196/IJM.00075

Vargas Hill, R. & Narayan, A. (2020). COVID-19 and inequality: a review of the evidence on likely impact and policy options. Centre for Disaster Protection, Working Paper No. 3.