La financiación verde en la política medioambiental china

Carlos J. Tórtola Sebastián
Neus Alfaraz Hernández

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Publicado: mar 25, 2022
Resumen

En las últimas cuatro décadas, China ha logrado el mayor desarrollo económico experimentado por una nación en toda la historia, al mismo tiempo que se convertía en el país más contaminante del mundo. Para remediarlo, en 2020 las autoridades chinas fijaron como meta que en 2030 el país alcanzase su nivel máximo de emisiones y en 2060 la neutralidad del carbono. La consecución de estos ambiciosos objetivos solo será posible mediante la movilización anual de un elevado volumen de financiación “verde”, incluyendo el adecuado funcionamiento del mercado chino de emisiones de carbono. En este artículo se analiza el sistema de financiación verde y su relevancia en la política medioambiental china para concluir planteando diversas medidas que permitirían acelerar su desarrollo y aumentar su impacto en el proceso de transición ecológica de China.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Palabras clave:
bonos verdes, carbono, CO2, créditos verdes, green finance, mercado de emisiones
Citas

Chin, H., & Kong, W. (2021). China’s 14th Five-Year Plan. Fung Business Intelligence. Dual Circulation Series, (5). https://www.fbicgroup.com/internal-site/wp-content/uploads/documents/Dual_Circulation_Issue05.pdf

China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission. (2012). Notice of the CBRC on Issuing the Green Credit Guidelines. https://www.followingthemoney.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2012.02.24_CBRC_Notice-of-the-CBRC-on-Issuing-the-Green-Credit-Guidelines_E.pdf

China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission. (2021). Supervisory Statistics of the Banking and Insurance Sectors. https://www.cbirc.gov.cn/

Choi, J., Escalante, D., & Larsen, M. L. (2020). Green Banking in China – Emerging Trends. With a spotlight on the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC). Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Green-Banking-in-China-Emerging-Trends-1.pdf

Climate Bond Initiative. (2019). Comparing China’s Green Bond Endorsed Project Catalogue and the Green Industry Guiding Catalogue with the EU Sustainable Finance Taxonomy (Part 1). https://www.climatebonds.net/files/reports/comparing_chinas_green_definitions_with_the_eu_sustainable_finance_taxonomy_part_1_en_final.pdf

European Commission. (2021). International Platform on Sustainable Finance. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/banking-and-finance/sustainable-finance/international-platform-sustainable-finance_en

Fanjul, E. (15 de noviembre de 2018). China, 40 años de la mayor revolución económica de la historia. Blog Elcano. https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/china-40-anos-mayor-revolucion-economica-historia/

G20. (2021). Sustainable Finance Working Group. https://g20sfwg.org

García-Herrero, A., & Tan, J. (2021, October 22). COP26: Why carbon pricing is crucial to china’s climate change pledges. Bruegel-Blogs. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A680373160/AONE?u=anon~938898b7&sid=googleScholar&xid=51384c90

Harvey, F. (2020, September 22). China pledges to become carbon neutral before 2060. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/22/china-pledges-to-reach-carbon-neutrality-before-2060

Holzmann, A., & Grünberg, N. (2021). Greening China. An analysis of Beijing’s sustainable development strategies. Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS). https://merics.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/MERICSChinaMonitor%20GreeningChina%202.pdf

International Energy Agency. (2021). Key energy statistics. https://www.iea.org/

International Monetary Fund. (2021). World Economic Outlook, April 2021. Statistical Appendix, p. 106. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/03/23/world-economic-outlook-april-2021

International Platform on Sustainable Finance. (2021). Common Ground Taxonomy. Climate Change Mitigation. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/business_economy_euro/banking_and_finance/documents/211104-ipsf-common-ground-taxonomy-instruction-report-2021_en.pdf

Larsen, M. L. (2021). Introduction to Green Finance. International Institute of Green Finance (IIGF). https://iigf-china.com/green-finance-info-2

Lin, C., Yunhan, C., & Yue, W. (2021). Green Finance in China: Overview, Experience and Outlook. Tsinghua University National Institute of Financial Research. http://www.pbcsf.tsinghua.edu.cn/upload/default/20210120/f0778b65848f4cce3cd2bfac87eb29c5.pdf

Meng, A. X., Xie, W., Shao, H., Shang, J., & Qiqige, Z. (2021). China Green Bond Market Report 2020. Climate Bonds Initiative. https://www.climatebonds.net/files/reports/cbi_china_sotm_2021_06d.pdf

National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2021). Press Release. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/

National Development and Reform Commission. (2019). Green Industry Guiding Catalogue.

National Development and Reform Commission. (2021). Working Guidance for Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality in Full and Faithful Implementation of the New Development Philosophy. https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policies/202110/t20211024_1300725.html

People’s Bank of China. (2015). Green Bond Endorsed Project Catalogue (2015 Edition).

People’s Bank of China. (2016). Guidelines for Establishing the Green Financial System.

People’s Bank of China. (2021a). Statistical Report on Credit Structure of Financial Institutions.

People’s Bank of China. (2021b). Green Bond Endorsed Project Catalogue (2021 Edition). http://www.pbc.gov.cn/goutongjiaoliu/113456/113469/4342400/2021091617180089879.pdf

Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2020). CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Our World in Data. University of Oxford. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions

Shen, B., Price, L., Wang, J., Li, M., & Zeng, L. (2012). China’s approaches to financing sustainable development: policies, practices, and issues. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/lbl-5579e-green-finance-wiresjune-2012.pdf

Xie, Z. (2020). China’s historical evolution of environmental protection along with the forty years’ reform and opening-up. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 1.

Yang, S. (2021). China net zero: What have banks done to address China’s goal for carbon neutrality? In Goldman Sachs (Ed.), Carbonomics. China Net Zero: The clean tech revolution (pp. 70-72). https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/gs-research/carbonomics-china-netzero/report.pdf

Yao, R. (2021). A carbon market’s slow start. Gavekal Dragonomics.

Ye, Q., Qijiao, S., Xiaofan, Z., Shiyong, Q., & Lindsay, T. (2020). China’s New Urbanisation Opportunity: A Vision for the 14th Five-Year Plan. Coalition for Urban Transitions. https://urbantransitions.global/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/China%E2%80%99s_New_Urbanisation_Opportunity_FINAL.pdf

Yin, P., Brauer, M., Cohen, A. J., Wang, H., Li, J., Burnett, R. T., Stanaway, J. D., Causey, K., Larson, S., Godwin, W., Frostad, J., Marks, A., Wang, L., Zhou, M., & Murray, C. J. L. (2020). The effect of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across China and its provinces, 1990–2017: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(9), e386-e398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30161-3